Ethical Dilemma of Elective Induction

Ethical Dilemma of Elective generalizationTo crap or Not to Induce? The Ethical Dilemma of Elective Induction Lets paint a picture. A 32-year-old patient gravida 1, para 0 presents at 38 weeks gestation and states that she would like to be induced the following twenty-four hours for personal reasons. She has not previous medical history which indicates that she is a defective pregnancy. She is electing to be induced.Labor induction is the use of medications or other methods to brace contractions in the uterus to result in vaginal return in front chore has started on its own (). It can be a recommended if all in all(prenominal) the suffer or fetus are at essay addd sometimes, labor can be induced for nonmedical reasons and scheduled by the patient. cause suggests that t here(predicate) are no benefits to either mother or baby, however, there are several risks associated with inducing labor. These include but are not limited to infection in the mother and/or the baby, uterine rupture, change magnitude risk of cesarean birth and death of the baby ().There has been a dramatic incline in the number of elective induced labors in the United States. Statistics assign that there has been an increase in induced labor from 9.4% of births in 1990 to 23.2% in 2009 (). These increase rates can especi anyy be seen among non-Hispanic White women with private or commercial insurance and more than 12 years of education (). While this increase alone is of significant concern, studies show an increase in induced labor during the preterm period, including the late preterm period between 34 through 36 weeks of gestation. This is especi solelyy alarming as this could rich person significant negative impacts on the infants overall development and health ().Our trade calls for dedication to nursing excellence through ethics, standards and best practice. Specifically, labor and bringing nurses as well as midwives are known for providing compassionate sympathize wi th and advocating for women to be actively convolute in all aspects of their care. They have the business of playing the delicate federal agency of balancing each individuals right to birth as they desire while at the same time advocating to provide register-based practice levels of care and improving maternal and child birth outcomes. in this lies the ethical conflict how do you provide care that reflects the birthing parents singular needs (elective induction) while at the same time providing care that does not put birthing parent and/or baby at increased risk for negative outcomes.Some would argue that ethically, the birthing parent has self-direction over her body and should be able to decide the what, where, when and how around all medical procedures. While I do not disagree with this, we cannot risk the chance of violating other ethical values like nonmaleficence and beneficene because of autonomy.It is important that we belittle back on the ethical principles and theor ies that shape our practice as nurses in order to make a decision that is ethically sound. Our primary province and commitment, as stated by the first and second provisions of the ANA work out of ethics are that we practice with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity, worth(predicate) and unique attributes of every person and our primary commitment is to our patient ().This includes providing patients with all the education they need. Research shows that 78% of women who elected to induce labor matt-up confident that they were knowledgeable about the procedure, however on further question it was found that they in fact were not aware ().I firmly believe that it is our role and duty as nurses to provide care to each individual following the lines of what would make them most comfortable. In the same light, it is our role and duty as nurses to keep up to examine on demo based practice in order to provide up to date information to our patients and advocate for them. We walk the fine ethical line all the time and bear the load of providing the absolute best care to our patients by finding a balance between both patient desires and evidence based practice.We cannot let egoism play a role here by only considering that which is evidence-based care while ignoring the wishes of the birthing parent. However, tapping into the ethical hypothesis of utilitarianism, we must look at all the benefits and risks involved. and together with the people involved make a decision that is best suitable for the birthing mother and baby.

Four Phases of the Business Cycle

quaternary Phases of the Business CycleECONOMICSQ 1 furbish up the terminal Business Cycle and samely explain the phases of vocation or parcel out cycle in brief?autonomic nervous system The business cycle is the semimonthly but irregular up-and- implement movements in economic activity, measured by fluctuations in real GDP and some other macroeconomic multivariates.Diagram of Business Cycle (or heap Cycle) -The business cycle starts from a trough ( blueer point) and passes through and through a recovery phase followed by a period of expansion (upper good turn point) and prosperity. subsequently the peak point is r all(prenominal)ed in that location is a declining phase of turning point followed by a economic crisis. Again the business cycle continues similarly with ups and downs.Explanation of Four Phases of Business Cycle1. Prosperity Phase Expansion or sweep through or Upswing of economy.When at that place is an expansion of siding, income, employment, bells and profits, thither is also a come out in the standard of living. This period is termed as Prosperity phase.The features of prosperity argon - proud level of output and trade, High level of effective demand, High level of income and employment, Rising interest rates, Inflation, Large expansion of desire credit, general business optimism.2. Recession Phase from prosperity to niche (upper turning point).The turning point from prosperity to de shrinkion is termed as Recession Phase.During a recession period, the economic activities slow down. When demand starts pivoting, the over harvest-homeion and future investment plans argon also given up. at that place is a steady lour in the output, income, employment, sets and profits. The business comm developing blocky lose confidence and become pessimistic (Negative). It reduces investment. The banks and the people study out to get greater liquidity, so credit also contracts. Expansion of business stops, stock securities indust ry falls. Orders ar put upcelled and people start losing their jobs. The addition in unemployment ca routines a sharp decline in income and aggregate demand. Generally, recession lasts for a short period.3. Depression Phase Contraction or downturn of economy.When there is a continuous settle of output, income, employment, monetary values and profits, there is a fall in the standard of living and depression sets in.The features of depression are - hang in volume of output and trade, Fall in income and rise in unemployment,Decline in consumption and demand, Fall in interest rate, Deflation, Contraction of bank credit, Overall business pessimism.In depression, there is under-utilization of resources and fall in GNP (Gross interior(a) Product). The aggregate economic activity is at the lowest, causing a decline in prices and profits until the economy reaches its Trough (low point).4. Recovery Phase from depression to prosperity (lower turning Point).The turning point from depre ssion to expansion is termed as Recovery or Revival Phase.During the period of revival or recovery, there are expansions and rise in economic activities. When demand starts rising, mathematical harvest-tideion maturations and this causes an amplification in investment. There is a steady rise in output, income, employment, prices and profits. The businessmen gain confidence and become optimistic (Positive). This increases investments. The stimulation of investment brings virtually the revival or recovery of the economy.Thus we see that, during the expansionary or prosperity phase, there is inflation and during the contraction or depression phase, there is a deflation.Q2. Monopoly is the blot there exists a undivided control over the market producing a commodity having no substitutes with no possibilities for any unmatchable to enter the pains to compete. In that situation, they vary aloneing not fear a uni physical body price for all the customers in the market and also t he price insurance followed in that situation?Ans A market social organisation characterized by a single trafficker, marketing a unique harvest-home in the market. In a monopoly market, the swaper faces no emulation, as he is the sole seller of goods with no limiting substitute.In a monopoly market, occurrenceors like government license, proprietorship of resources, copyright and patent and luxuriously starting cost make an entity a single seller of goods. every(prenominal) these factors restrict the entry of other sellers in the market. Monopolies also possess to a greater extent or less(prenominal) nurture that is not known to other sellers.Characteristics of monopoly Only one single seller in the market, There is no competition, There are legion(predicate) buyers in the market, The loyal enjoys abnormal profits, The seller controls the prices in that particular product or service and is the price maker, Consumers dont have staring(a) information, There are barriers to entry. These barriers many be natural or artificial, The product does not have close substitutes.Advantages of monopolyMonopoly avoids duplication and hence wastage of resources.Due to the fact that monopolies make lot of profits, it brush off be used for research and reading and to maintain their status as a monopoly.Monopolies may use price disagreement which benefits the economically weaker sections of the society. Monopolies tramp afford to invest in in vogue(p) technology and machinery in order to be efficient and to avoid competition.Disadvantages of monopoly misfortunate level of service, No consumer sovereignty, Consumers may be charged high prices for low gauge of goods and services, Lack of competition may lead to low quality and out dated goods and services.Price Discrimination It is the ability to charge opposite prices to distinguishable individual.Need for price discrimination increase output and profit. purchase pattern of individuals will be different. Increase the economic welfare.Eg Air tickets, moving-picture show tickets , discount coupons etc.multiple types of price discriminationFirst-degree price discrimination is an attempt by the seller to leave the price unannounced in advance and charge each customer the highest price they would be volition to pay for the purchase.A business may benefit by religious offering different prices to those who purchase in larger volumes because either they canister increase their profit with the increased volume sales or their costs per unit decrease when items are purchased in volume. Businesses can create alternative pricing methods that distinguish high-volume buyers from low-volume buyers. This is second-degree price discrimination.Third-degree price discrimination is differential pricing to different assemblys of customers. One justification for this practice is that producing goods and services for sale to one acknowledgeable group of customers is less than the cost of sales to an other group of customers. For example, a publisher of music or books may be able to sell a music album or a book in electronic form for less cost than a physical form like a compact disc or printed text.Q3 Fiscal policy is a package of economic measures of the government regarding habitual using up, public gross, public debt or borrowings. It is very important since it refers to the budgetary policy of the government. excuse the financial policy and its instruments in detail?Ans Fiscal policy is the bureau by which a government adjusts its spending levels and receipts revenue rates to manage and influence a nations economy. It is the sister strategy to monetary policy through which a central bank influences a nations money supply.instruments of Fiscal insurance are mechanical Stabilizer and Discretionary Fiscal PolicyAutomatic Stabilizer The value structure and expenditure are programmed in such a way that there is increase in expenditure and decrease in tax income in rec ession and decrease in expenditure and increase in tax receipts in the period of inflation. It refers to inbuilt response to the economic condition without any deliberate action on the part of government. It is called built- in- stabilizer to correct and thus restore economic stability. It whole kit and caboodle in the following manner, Tax revenue Tax revenue increases when the income increases as those who were not paying tax go into the higher income tax bracket. When there is depression, the income decreases and many people fall in the no-income-tax bracket and the tax revenue decreases.ii) Discretionary Fiscal Policy Under this, to stabilize the economy, deliberateattempts are made by the government in taxation and expenditure. It entails definite and intended actions.Instruments of Fiscal Policy Some important instruments of fiscal policy are 1.TAXATION Taxation is always a very important source of revenue for both developed and developing countries. Tax comes under two hea dingu2013Tax on individual(direct tax) and tax on commodity (indirect tax or commodity tax).a) commit tax includes income tax, corporate tax, taxes on property and wealth. Indirect tax is tax on the consumptions. It includes sales tax, excise duty and custom duties. Direct tax structure can be divided into three bases-Progressive tax Progressive tax says that higher the level of income, greater the volume of tax burden you have to bear. This means as income increases, the tax contribution should also increase. Low income group people pay low tax, whereas the high income group people pay higher tax.2 Regressive tax It is theoretically viable, though no government implements such tax structure, because that leads to unequal statistical distribution of income. As your income increases the contribution through tax decreases. Low income people will pay more and high income people will pay less. comparative tax When the tax imposed is irrespective of the income you earn, every income gr oup, high or low pay the same amount of tax.b) Indirect Tax Or consumpyion tax tax which is iimposed on every unit of product .Q4 Explain the various methods of forecasting demand?Ans economic forecasting is the edge of making predictions about the economy. Forecasts can be carried out at a high level of aggregationfor example for GDP, inflation, unemployment or the fiscal famineor at a more disaggregated level, for specific sectors of the economy or even specific firms.Methods of forecasting demandAssumptionsFor many goods, the length of the product cycle is shrinking. Not only does this make it more difficult to build a historical entropybase, it accentuates the need to forecast correctly. Computer technology makes it possible to adjust pricing instantly and to modify sales promotions on the run. Without spotless historical information to measure the impact of price changes, the business owner may be forced to experiment. Sales performance of other goods with similar product attributes may serve as proxies for a current product with no track record.Trend AnalysisIf you have historical information or if you can create it from related products trend analysis is the runner step in demand forecasting. Plotting sales over time will reveal the presence of a sales trend if one exists. If there are aberrations hiccups in the trend you can look for explanations, which could include price, suffer or demographic changes. If you are proficient with spreadsheet programs, you can chart data points and insert a trend line over the data. A more sophisticated approach is using least squares regression analysis which can also be done with standard spreadsheet software.Qualitative ForecastingA more subjective approach uses expert convictions to predict demand. Especially expedient when there is a lack of historical data, relying on the collective opinion of experts makes sense. Begin with an analysis of the marketplace, freshening the economic conditions. Obtai n as much information about competitors performance as you can. Then gather opinions from a conformation of sources within your business. Include the owner, sales manager, accountant, attorney and any others whose opinion you value. If you wish, you can get outside opinions as well. Qualitative forecasting is based on the consensus view of your panel as you digest and aggregate their opinions.Forecasting with Economic IndicatorsDepending on the products you sell and the customers who buy them, basing your demand forecast on one or more economic indicators may be an effective method. This genius of demand forecasting works better with industrial buyers rather than retail. First, materialise the indicators that relate to your business. For example, small businesses in construction-related work can look to housing starts, building permits, loan applications and interest rates for solid indicators of the future. Businesses in culture can find clues to the future from farm income, i nterest rates and suffer forecasts. The Departments of Commerce and Agriculture release statistics on an ongoing basis. Agricultural concomitant Services and other state agencies provide complementary dataQ5 Define monopolistic competition and explain its characteristics?Ans Monopolistic Competition A market structure in which several or many sellers each bring about similar, but slightly differentiated products. Each producer can set its price and quantity without affecting the market place as a whole.Monopolistically belligerent markets exhibit the following characteristicsEach firm makes sovereign terminations about price and output, based on its product, its market, and its costs of production.Knowledge is astray spread between participants, but it is unlikely to be perfect. For example, diners can review all the menus available from restaurants in a town, before they make their choice. in one case inside the restaurant, they can view the menu again, before ordering. Howe ver, they cannot fully instruct the restaurant or the meal until after they have dined.The entrepreneur has a more significant role than in firms that are dead competitive because of the increased risks associated with decision making.There is freedom to enter or leave the market, as there are no major barriers to entry or exit.A central feature of monopolistic competition is that products are differentiated. There are four main types of differentiationPhysical product differentiation, where firms use size, design, colour, shape, performance, and features to make their products different. For example, consumer electronics can easily be physically differentiated.Marketing differentiation, where firms try to differentiate their product by classifiable packaging and other promotional techniques. For example, breakfast cereals can easily be differentiated through packaging. clement capital differentiation, where the firm creates differences through the skill of its employees, the leve l of training received, distinctive uniforms, and so on.Differentiation through distribution, including distribution via mail order or through internet shopping, such as Amazon.com, which differentiates itself from traditional bookstores by exchange online.Firms are price makers and are faced with a downward slanting demand lift. Because each firm makes a unique product, it can charge a higher or lower price than its rivals. The firm can set its own price and does not have to take it from the industry as a whole, though the industry price may be a guideline, or becomes a constraint. This also means that the demand curve will slope downwards.Firms operating under monopolistic competition unremarkably have to engage in advertising. Firms are often in barbaric competition with other (local) firms offering a similar product or service, and may need to advertise on a local basis, to permit customers know their differences. Common methods of advertising for these firms are through l ocal press and radio, local cinema, posters, leaflets and special promotions.Monopolistically competitive firms are assumed to beprofit maximisers because firms tend to be small with entrepreneurs actively involved in managing the business.There are normally a large numbers of independent firms competing in the market.Q6 When should a firm in utterly competitive market shut down its doing?Ans Definition of Perfect CompetitionA market structure in which the following five criteria are met1) All firms sell an selfsame(a) product2) All firms are price takers they cannot control the market price of their product3) All firms have a relatively small market share4) Buyers have complete information about the product macrocosm sold and the prices charged by each firm and5) The industry is characterized by freedom of entry and exit.Perfect competition is sometimes referred to as elegant competition.The reason for firm shut down in perfect competitionA perfectly competitive firm is presu med to shutdown production and produce no output in the short run, if price is less than medium variable cost. This is one of three short-run production alternatives facing a firm. The other two are profit maximization (if price exceeds jibe total cost) and divergence minimization (if price is greater than average variable cost but less than average total cost).A perfectly competitive firm guided by the pursuit of profit is attached to produce no output if the quantity that equates marginal revenue and marginal cost in the short run incurs an economic loss greater than total fixed cost. The key to this loss minimization production decision is a comparison of the loss incurred from producing with the loss incurred from not producing. If price is less than average variable cost, then the firm incurs a smaller loss by not producing that by producing.One of Three Alternatives Shutting down is one of three short-run production alternatives facing a perfectly competitive firm. All th ree are displayed in the table to the right. The other two are profit maximization and loss minimization.With profit maximization, price exceeds average total cost at the quantity that equates marginal revenue and marginal cost. In this case, the firm generates an economic profit.With loss minimization, price is greater than average variable cost but is less than average total cost at the quantity that equates marginal revenue and marginal cost. In this case, the firm incurs a smaller loss by producing some output than by not producing any output.

Odors In Wastewater Treatment Plant Environmental Sciences Essay

aromas In Waste irrigate Treatment Plant Env squeezemental Sciences EssayAn upland reference in an area of a sheep farming area which is enjoyn to be soft and to have unacceptable taste and color with a pH of 5.5.A network of pumped wells delivering an aerophilic ground pissing from chalk aquifer. The adventure exists that there whitethorn be pathogenic organisms in the supply, together with the important quantities of iron and atomic number 25.Compare and contrast the possible peeing handling strategies which whitethorn be required for the two sources. You should identify other choice streamlet which you would recommend as essential before undertaking a critical design of either option.Before recommending an essential piss manipulation strategy, we should know ab forth the reservoir management.Water storage before intake results in- decrement in Suspended Solids (SS) and color due to natural deposit.Reduction in pathogens due to self-purification.Minimize the fluctuati on in the urine quality thus enhance the discourse.Water storage also whitethorn moderate to-alga growth which in turn will lead to maturation in turbidity, smell, pH and even color.Increase in Iron and manganese issue present in solid ground.Thermal stratification causing chromosomal mutation in pee supply chemistry and characteristics with little intermixing behind the reservoir.Color, Taste and Odor-Hues in water is due to natural materials like iron and manganese vegetable origins, humus materials, in oil-soluble hints of soil, organic and microorganism. The true color of water is aimed to be only that attri hardlyable to substance in solution later removal of suspended materials by centrifuging or filtration.Taste can be affected by inorganic salts or metal ions, a diverseness of organic chemical substances found in nature or products of biological growths. Algae are the most frequent ca drop of taste and odor problems. accord to Metcalf Eddy, Inc., the main sour ces of these are from(1) Septic wastewater containing hydrogen sulfide and angelical compounds,(2) Industrial wastes being discharged into the collection system,(3) Seepage handling facilities,(4) Screenings and unwanted grit,(5) Scum on primary cave in armoured combat vehicles,(6) Bio solids-thickening tanks,(7) Bio solids-conditioning and dewatering faculties,(8) Bio solids incineration,(9) Digested bio solids in drying beds or bio solids-holding basins,(10) Bio solids-composting operations.pH-pH is utilize to express the intensity of an acid or alkalescent solution. A pH of 7 is neutral, if pH little than 7 its acidic, and pH greater than 7 is alkaline. Acidity is the measure of carbon dioxide and other solution. lovesome inorganic acid sour exists downstairs pH 4.5 carbon dioxide acidity (carbonic acid) is between pH 4.5 to 8.3.Water should be close to pH 7 as possible.Possible Solutions-A detailed raw water quality psychoanalysis (physical, chemical, biological chara cteristics) of the water should be done to establish a fit strategy for preaching.Due to thermal stratification in different seasons, circus tent of draw slay point may need to be seasonally adjusted.Before treatment, the effectiveness of chemical coagulation of waste should be through an experiment evaluated in the laboratory by using Jar Test.To reduce color, chemical coagulation and granular-media filtration is required.Odors in Wastewater Treatment PlantOdor pickleProblemPossible SolutionEarthy, mustyPrimary and secondary unitsNo problem (normal)None requiredTrickling filtersSeptic conditionsMore rail line/less kindSecondary clarifiersSeptic conditionsRemove sludgeChlorine communicateSeptic conditionsRemove sludgeGeneral seed downSeptic conditions nigh housekeepingChlorine likeChlorine connection tank illegitimate chlorine dosageAdjust chlorine dosage controlsIndustrial odors undermanned pretreatmentGeneral plantEnforce sewer use regulation generatorSpellman, F.R.,The Science of Water, Technomic Publ.,1998.Taste and odor can be enhanced byAeration-Since the odor compound are often dissolved gases that can be stripped from the solution.Carbon adsorption-Its the most effective way touch off carbon can be introduced in any stage of touch before filtration where adequate mixing is available to disperse the carbon and where the contact time is 15 min or more before sedimentation or filtration.Oxidation-It can be done by chlorination, chlorine dioxide, one thousand permanganate, or ozone.For water less than pH 6, feed pumps come out a neutralizing solution of sodium carbonate or sodium hydrated oxide at the inlet. The dosage to be provided can be found out using Jar Test.In The Use of Soda Ash and sour Soda to Alter pH (Glenda M. Herman, 2013) it is stated that for water between pH 4 and pH 6, use soda ash mixed with water. pass on this solution in the source at a rate to ascension the pH to 7 farthest from the source.Anyhow the basic system f or treatment might bePretreatment Any member to modify the microbial water quality before the entry to a treatment plantCoagulation, flocculation and sedimentation Process by which small particles interact to form larger particles and eventually drop out by gravityIon exchange Process employ for removal of calcium, magnesium some radionuclidesGranular filtration Process in which water passes through a bed of granular materials after coagulation shadowy sand filtration Process in which water is passed slowly through a sand filter by gravity, without the use of coagulation.Answer (b)-The biological organisms in the water or wastewater are called the pathogens. They are organisms, capable of transmittal diseases in humans. These waterborne pathogens include bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasitic worms.Attributes of the Three Waterborne Pathogens in Water TreatmentOrganismSize(m)MobilityPoints of OriginResistance to DisinfectionBacteria0.1-10 mobile immobileHumans and an imals watercontaminated foodType specific-bacterial spores classifiablely have the highest electric resistance whereas vegetative bacteria have the lowest resistanceViruses0.0-0.01NonmotileHumans and animals polluted water contaminated food principally more resistant than vegetative bacteriaProtozoa1-28Motile nonmotileHumans and animals sewage decaying vegetation waterMore resistant than viruses or vegetative bacteriaSourceSpellman, F.R.,The Science of Water, Technomic Publ., 1998.There are divers(a) processes for removal of microbes from water. In particular, it discussesPretreatment oxidation -Process in which oxidants are added to water in the treatment process. This helps inMaximize the contact time with the oxidant oxidize the compounds for subsequent removal by treatment process(e.g. iron or manganese) support initial treatment in sufficient time for water to be hike up interact if necessary (e.g. oxidation of taste and odor compounds) affirm growth of microorganisms and higher organisms on intake structures and treatment basinsImprove the particle removal in clarification and filtration processes.Primary disinfection Process is a dowry of primary treatment of water and important because filter media do non remove all pathogens from water. Different types of disinfectant are Chlorinekissing disease chlorine,Chlorine dioxide,Ozone,UV lightMixed oxidantsSecondary disinfection This process is apply to maintain the water quality which we got at the treatment plant throughout the distribution system.Iron and Manganese RemovalThese are found in groundwater, industrial waste, and as by-products of pipeline corrosion.. They dont cause health related problems, but are non good because they cause aesthetic problems.Aesthetic problems associated with iron and manganese is1. Staining of plumbing fixtures2. Discoloration of water (iron red water, manganese black or brown water)3. Stimulates the growth of microorganisms.4. Impart a bitterness taste to the waterSome of the economic problems caused are damage to textiles, dye, paper, and food. It may clog pipes and corrode through them. Iron residue in pipes decreases carrying ability increases pumping head.Iron and Manganese Removal TechniquesPrecipitation Precipitation (or pH adjustment) of these from water in their solid forms can be done in treatment plants by adding lime adjusting the pH of the water. Some of the precipitate will settle down by time, while the rest is easily removed(p) by sand filters. This process requires pH level of the water to between of 10 to 11.Oxidation It is the common methods of removing these, usually followed by settling and filtration. Air, chlorine, or potassium permanganate can be used for oxidizing.Ion Exchange The ion exchange process is by and large used to soften hard water, it will remove all soluble iron and manganese. The water is passed through a bed of resin which adsorbs the inapplicable ions, replacing them with less troublesome ions .Sequestering Sequestering or stabilization can be used when the water contains low concentration of iron, when the volumes needed are relatively small. This process does not remove the manganese and iron from the water, but binds it chemically with other ions in soluble form that will not li come out of solutionAeration The physical process uses air to oxidize the manganese and iron. The water is pumped up to the air or allowed to line directly everyplace an aeration device. The air oxidizes and this is then removed by use of a filter. The lime is often added to raise the pH.Q2. Secondary wastewater treatment may involve biological treatment using either dictated photograph or apologise- word picture systems. Discuss, using diagrams where appropriate, which type of system might be more appropriate for treating the wastewater from a small market townsfolk with a population of 20,000. The town is situated alongside a unsanded lowland river from which a major water supply is abstracted further downstream. Your answer should explain, among othersthe advantages and disadvantages of fixed-film and fixed film systems for secondary biological treatmentthe typical effluent characteristics of each type of treatment system when operate in a standard, conventional modethe specific needs of sensible rivers with regards to nutrients loading, specially atomic number 7 and phosphorous compoundsthe implications of discharging high nutrients into receiving streams being used as water supply sourcesthe implications of discharging high nutrients, especially due north and phosphorus compounds to receiving rivers from a water quality management viewpointthe details of any proposed modifications to the conventional systems which you would tump over might be adopted in these circumstances to reduce (manage) the nutrients and the appeal implications for these.Answer-The purpose of secondary treatment (biological treatment) is to provide removal of fig beyond what is achieved by primary treatment. Secondary treatment process (biological treatment process) can be degage into two categories fixed film systems and free film system (suspended growth systems). stringent film systems These are processes that use a biomass or slime (biological growth) which is attached to some form of film or media. Wastewater is allowed to passes over or around the film and the slime. When the slime and wastewater are in contact, the organisms oxidize the organic solids. The film may be stone, synthetic materials or any substance that is durable, should provide a huge area for slime growth an open station for ventilation. Fixed film system includes trickling filters, bio towers and RBCs.Suspended growth systems These are processes that use a biomass (biological growth) that is mixed with the sewage. They can be used in smaller space than trickling filter that treats the same amount of water. A typical free film system includes the set off sludge process.There are a sorting of these secondary treatment, we will discuss about the following conventional processes usedTrickling Filter.Activated Sludge.TRICKLING FILTERSIn most wastewater treatment, the trickling filter is used after the primary treatment.This process is a fixed film method knowing to remove suspended solids and BOD.It consists of a rotating distribution arm that sprays the influent over a circular bed of rocks, synthetic media, or other coarse- caryopsised materials.The spaces between the film helps to circulate air easily so that aerobic conditions is maintained. The space allows waste to trickle down through and over the media. innate matter in the water diffuses into the media, where it is metabolized. Periodically, a portion of the film sloughs off the media material and is collected at bottom of filter.This is passes on to the secondary settling tank along with the treated wastewater, where it is removed.The overall performance of filter is depended on hydraulic and orga nic loading, recirculation and temperature.Appropriate for small to medium sized communities (15000 to 20000) peoples.http//www.sswm.info/sites/ thoughtlessness/files/toolbox/TILLEY%202008%20Trickling%20Filter.jpgTRICKLING FILTERSSOURCE http//www.sswm.info/category/implementation-tools/wastewater-treatment/hardware/semi-centralised-wastewater-treatments/tAdvantages/DisadvantagesAdvantagesGood Quality(80-90% BOD removal) for 2nd stage efficiency could reach 95%Moderate operating cost(less than activated sludge)Withstands shock loads than other processesSimple and reliable process and can be used were large area not available. rattling efficient in removal of ammoniaDisadvantagesHigh capital costClogging of distributors or beds.Snail, mosquito and insect problems.Generate sludge that must be treatedRegular operators attention is needed.Relatively high incidence of clogging. special treatment may be needed for the effluent to meet strict discharge standards.ACTIVATED slimeIn this proc ess influent and activated sludge is aerated and agitated. The activated sludge is finally separated from the treated mixed liquor by process called sedimentation and is returned to the reactor as needed. The treated waste flows over the weir of the settling tank in which it is separated from the sludge.Wastewater is fed into an aerated tank, where the microorganisms (activated sludge) metabolize and flocculate the organics.These are colonized from the aerated mixed liquor in the final clarifier and are returned to the aeration tank.A portion of the concentrated solids are removed from the bottom of the settling tank from the process.Clear supernatant fluid from the final settling tank is the plant effluent.This process is effective to treat large volumes of flow (10000 to 1000000) people.http//techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module21/images/WastewaterAeration.jpgACTIVATED SLUDGESOURCE http//techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module21/WhattoRemove-WW.htmAdvantages/DisadvantagesAdvantagesFlexible, can ad apt pH, organic and temperature changes.Small area required. layer of nitrification is controllable.Relatively minor odor problems.Low construction cost.Removes high part of BOD.DisadvantagesHigh operating cost.Generated solids requiring sludge disposal.Some process alternatives are sensitive to shock loads and metallic or other poisons.Requires continuous air supply.For a small population of 20000 and river being so sensitive I recommend using Trickling Filter would be more advisable for the town. senseless nitrogen and phosphorous compounds can over stimulate the growth of aquatic weeds and algae. Excess growth of these organisms can blue baby syndrome. gull two-thirds to three-fourths of the planned fertilizer nitrogen just before the discerp enters a period of quick growth. Proper timing ensures maximum daily nitrogen uptake and minimizes the likelihood of unused nitrogen leaching below the plant roots.Apply a reasonable amount of nitrogen to your crop. When grain and super grass yields are low, less nitrogen will be removed with the grain, silage, or hay crop or by grazing. Because a soil test is not a reliable means of predicting nitrogen response, consider analyzing plant samples collected early in a period of rapid growth. The need for additional nitrogen can be determined and use before the crop matures.If your crop will follow peanuts, soybeans, or forage legumes (clover or alfalfa) of average or greater yield, reduce the amount of nitrogen you apply. Soybeans and peanuts may provide 20 to 40 pounds of carryover nitrogen per acre. A inviolable alfalfa stand may provide 80 to 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre for the next crop.Be sure to analyze animal, municipal, and industrial wastes for nitrogen content when applied to cropland. Guard against dumping, as this practice may contaminate water with excess nitrate.Throughout the sandy soil surfaces of the coastal plain, do not apply nitrogen in the fall for springplanted crops. Piedmont fields may h ave got some nitrogen (up to one-half of crop needs) for springplanted crops.

The sanctity of life

The sanctity of c atomic number 18erThe Christian response to spontaneous miscarriage in our western agriculture has been a matter of preserving the sanctity of life. Although it would seem to be cut and dry to a Christian that still squander violates that sanctity of life, it continues to face constitutional evolvement, differing worldviews, the scrutiny of the medical checkup checkup profession, and with respect to school text books. All of these concerns illustrate a perverted compass, lacking the ability to find true north. Society continues to weigh the wide yet complex definitions of mortalhood. Abortion is purported to be virtuously mediocreified by pro-choice advocates in the postmodern culture. The skepticism of what is right or defective is argued within both sides of the guinea pig. For instance the religious community tin cannot reach apprehension cites Rothstein and Williams, (1983) what a person consists of or when a person begins life. This paper testa ment con head for the hills that the postmodern attitude towards spontaneous spontaneous stillbirth has been characterized as ambivalent, and in a postmodern theistic society which has been exposed to with child(p) schools of thought changing Christian and family values to err on the side of science and convenience. Further, ratiocination makers on the pro-choice side swallow procedured t inheritor agenda to move on their secular beliefs d unmatchable genteelness, giving rise to sexual promiscuity. Additionally, t present take a federal agency been declines in moral thresholds, in theological literacy, and in respect for the immenseness of gender roles, resulting in societys ambivalence and a reduction in see to it for the sanctity of life. Disputes over abortion are usually very heat due to the involvement of conflicting world views. Abortion is going to permit difficulty attempting to reside within a Christian worldview, based purely on their opposing logic. Furth er much, abortion cannot maintain itself within the worldview of liberal postmodernism. Challengers of abortion are aware they are guarding unborn babies although they may not be cognizant they are also supporting the Christian worldview. overly supporters of legal abortions identify that they are securing a womans right to choose heretofore though they may not be completely aware of their support to the postmodern worldview.A worldview adds perspective and helps us identify with the world most us, and how we deduce and appraise not only what we see, but how we compare ourselves to our catch of life. theology has the ability to h hotshot a persons worldview, which starts to develop and institute a moral awareness which tends to give form and shape our moral perspectives. (Durkheim 1954), Religion serves as a main source for determining right and awry(p), vertical and bad, just and unjust.(p. 43).In order to have a suitable soul of the postmodern view of abortion, both oppos ing worldviews must be examined in order to balance our rectify the stairsstanding as to why a person in a theistic society embraces a pro-abortion stance. This comparison get prohibited also show why there is difficulty in purpose a common ground, and why a postmodern worldview conversion or construction is not practical at this point, leading to the rise in secular conclusiveness making.Comparative analysis of 2 opposing worldviews existence is a created being and has a composition pre-determined by an intelligent and goal-directed design, as opposed to mans indiscriminate evolvement and has no fixed nature or design. Man is an immortal spirit being which indwells a mortal body, and in contrast, man is wholly a physical animal and or machine. righteous fair play governs universally through marriage, sexual activity, and family, and in contrast devotion is culturally and or several(prenominal)ly determined. (Luker, 1984) Argues that pro-choice activist women share som e no common premises and very little common oral communication with antiabortion activist women in set officular, the worldviews and suppositionions of m new(prenominal)hood held by the two different groups of women are antithetical. (p.2).The culture war on abortion has many a(prenominal) fronts, and those who adhere to liberal postmodernism or answer to liberal postmodern ideology are liable(predicate) to frame lawful abortion as a set of rights or privileges. professor Stanley Hauerwas author of Theologically Understood goes on to say that Christians in the States are tempted to deem of issues like abortion primarily in legal terms such as rights. He explains rights as an balance among members in a society, who have nothing in common. Professor Hauerwas states that within a liberal society such as ours, the law functions as a mediator of such agreements. He gives an example of our outline of law by truism lawyers are to the States what priests were to the medieval worl d. In other words according to professor Hauerwas,Is abortion right or wrong? Or is this abortion right or wrong? rather, the front question is, Why do Christians call abortion, abortion and with the first question goes a second, Why do Christians think that abortion is a morally problematic term? (p. 5).Professor Hauerwas demystifies years of elusions by calling abortion, abortion which is already an achievement based on principles. Lets call a nigra a spade, pro-choice is really pro-abortion isnt it, or what rough termination of pregnancy, and with the use of this terminology the postmodernist have reduced the churchs involvement, and reallocated the moral responsibility onto the medical profession. (Emerson, 1996) For most of the twentieth century, abortion was removed from public scrutiny by defining it as a question of medical judgment. (p. 44). Well by circumventing the church we can easily foretell any future decision making within a postmodern society towards abortion by defining that mistake as take God out of anything and it dies as pointed out here by Friedrich Nietzsche, parable of a madman Do we smell anything yet of Gods decomposition? Isnt this the crux of postmodern wisdom which is inserting Gods insignificance into the minds of our youth like a Botox injection giving off the same expression of emotion?As pointed out by (Sire, 2004) A culture cannot lose its philosophic center without the most serious of consequences, not just to the philosophy on which it was based but to the whole superstructure of culture and yet each persons notion of who he or she is. When God dies, both the subject and the value of everything else die too. (p. 211).This leads me to my next point on Postmodernisms thinking on the sanctity of life, which has created a pro-abortion crisis in America. In the linked States alone the abortion rates had increased, in 1974 898,000 to 1,533,000 in 1980. These figures tell us that on an just day in Washington D.C., our nat ions capital 4,257 abortions are outnumbering live births. xx-five percent of all pregnancies are terminated in this manner and forty percent among teenagers, and approximately twenty percent of all women in the United States have had a legal abortion. Sixty percent were under twenty five years of age, and eighty two percent were unmarried at the time of their abortions, and sixty nine percent of these individuals were white. This is the latest available discipline provided to us by researchers at the (Henshaw, Koonin Smith institute, 1991).The above information shows the potent state and the wide acceptance of abortion and its use as a solution rather than as a last resort. Another way we see secular conditioning, is through what we read, which raises the question are we neglecting to effectively tutor any alternatives to abortions such as adoption?For a number of generations we have been stealth fully preconditioning society by removing God from public education. present fo r example a member of the Texas board of education is reported saying (Castro, 2010)There seems to be a misinformed view of religion in American history, that America is somehow prepareed on Christianity, Mize said. We just ask that things be historically accurate.(7).The by-line message certainly points to a valid concern held by many Christians, and alludes to a valid misrepresentation on prolife options within our school school texts. The by-line independent study is brought to us by (Kathy Shepherd Elaine Hall, 1994) from 1988 through 1993 take in 27 textbooks representing 16 publishers covering a period of 6 years.(p. 267). They compose topics such as, abortion and legal cases such as Roe v. Wade, pro-life, birth control, teen pregnancy, and reproduction. Citations for abortion were indexed more than 60 generation and adoption citations were indexed under 13 headings. Also with this study ac drive inledgement to abortion was tendered 4 times more page space than adoptio n. That study certainly lessens the burden of apprehension a postmodern view towards the ultimate decision to dismiss life, since a form of preconditioning has shown a dismissive slide of pen towards alternatives methods of abortion. (Geersten, 1977) The textbook very much provides the central focus and organizing framework for courses, and students, in turn rely on textbooks as their most readily available source of information about the course topics. (p. 102). Postmodern theists are also finding difficulty with the abortion issue when it comes to their education as pointed out here, (Schmalzbauer, 1993) contends that Evangelicals for the most part tend to adhere to their education group rather than their religion with regards to their abortion attitudes. (p. 6). genteelness will no doubt reconstruct the minds of our youth as pointed out by (Evans, 2002) when he commented on Wuthnow, 1988 education is a more all-powerful opinion structuring force than religious discourse itsel f, and most studies find that the more education a respondent has, the more liberal his or her abortion attitudes. (p. 418).This adds to why a postmodern theistic society raises and nurtures its most powerful citizens into embracing such secular ideas as Humanism, Naturalism, and Theistic Existentialism?(Bruce Steve, 1996) Postmodernism is here to stay and to evolve. It is a major paradigm shift that has vast and loggerheaded impact on the world. When modernity hits hard on Christianity, many sociologists assure the inevitable demise and even eradication of Christianity by secularism. (p. 5). Also having the wrong personalities controlling how textbooks are studied can only point to the trickling down effect of God within the hearts of man. (Strickler and Danigelis, 1999) Point out that education is shaping the very future of Christendom. By the mid-1990s abortion had been legal for two decades, the population had plough more educated and more secular, and other sociodemographic trends found abortion increasingly acceptable. (p. 188).Another reason our postmodern society leans towards abortion as a first consideration rather than as a last resort rests within their rationality of God. The postmodern cultures have it offledge of the rule book clearly illustrates the ease of which abortion decisions are made. According to the attitudes in society, the concept of God has not changed, and Americans declare their attitudes outline their public disposition. Timothy Renick, (2007) mentions a vast many Americans purport their own religious institutions take part in public strategy issues, and the majority of Congress members consult their individual religious values when voting on legislation. He further notes that America is still very Christian minded, more so than Israel is Jewish or Utah is Mormon. (Timothy Renick, 2007)Yet surveys show that the majority of postmodern Americans cannot name even one of the four Gospels, only one-third know that it was Jesus who delivered the Sermon on the Mount, and 10 percent think that Joan of Arc was Noahs wife. (Hey, at least they know that Noah was associated with an ark-or is that Arc?) (p. 26).(Timothy Renick, 2007) continues to paint a solemn picture of postmodern Christianitys understanding of the bible by saying,Many high school seniors think that Sodom and Gomorrah were maintain and wife. Renick also claims that devout Christians are, on average, at least as brutish about the facts of Christianity as are other Americans. Sixty percent of evangelicals think Jesus was born in Jerusalem only 51 percent of the Jews surveyed made the same mistake. And things are not getting any better. (p. 26-27). (Renick, quotes Prothero, 2007) comments on America which has become a nation deeply religious and deep ignorant about religion.(26).ReferencesSchmalzbauer, John 1993 Evangelicals in the new class year versus subculture predictors ofIdeology. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 32(4)330-342 .Wuthnow, Robert 1988 the Restructuring of American Religion. Princeton, NJ PrincetonUniversity Press.Geersten, R. (1977). The textbook An ACIDS test. Teaching Sociology, 5, 101-120.Henshaw, S. K., Koonin, L. M., Smith, J. C. (1991). Characteristics of U.S. women havingAbortions. Family Planning Perspectives, 23, 75-81.Bruce, (1996). Religion in the Modern World. Oxford. Oxford University Press.Emerson M. (1996). Through Tinted eyeglasses Religion, Worldviews, and Abortion Attitudes.Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 1996, vol. 35, No. 1. P. 41-55.April Castro, (2010) Texas Ed poster Set to Take 1st Vote since Primary.http//abcnews.go.com/US/wirestory?id=10058603page=1. Retrieved on April 9, 2010.Lokensgard, K. (AP 2009). apparitional literacy, the First Amendment, and public education.Council of Societies for the Study of Religion Bulletin. 38(2), 41-45.Renick, T. M. (S 4 2007). Dumbed down what Americans dont know about religion. ChristianCentury. 124(18), 26-29.Onc e again here we are inquire how a Christian in a postmodern society can consider abortion as a viable solution to a complex moral issue. The abortion debate has polarized Americans like no other national problem since 9/11 or Watergate. The abortion issue has created a vast partitioning across Americas cultural, and religious lines, which is also translucent at the individual, political, and ecclesiastical levels.(New International Version, 1984)You may say I am allowed to do anything. But I reply, Not everything is good for you. And even through I am allowed to do anything, I must not become a slave to anythingBut our bodies were not made for sexual immorality. They were made for the passe-partout, and the Lord cares about our bodies. (1 Cor. 612-13).Thomas Jefferson is regularly addressed as one of the finest proponents of religious freedom in the nineteenth century. In a letter dated 1816 he writes about moral decisions which he acknowledges the individual is heir to his own d ecision and no one else, (Lokensgard, 2009) But I have ever thought religion a concern purely between our God and our consciences, for which we were accountable to Him, and not to the priests (p. 43).

Use of Transition Metals in Nanotechnology

Use of pitch contour Metals in NanotechnologyPart 1 Introduction 1.1Nanotechnology or nanotech is the branch of engineering that deals with things smaller than 100 nanometers. It is the set upvass of the interpretling of matter on an speckic and molecular scale. It deals with creating of nanoparticles and of sympathetic universeufacturing machines which pay sizes deep down the background of 1 to 100 nanometres.Nanotechnology offers the potential drop to overcome galore(postnominal) of the solid issues facing mankind over the coming decades. Climate change, pollution control and continueion, access to clean water, falling energy reserves and the diagnosis and handling of diseases such as clearcer all represent significant challenges to man and the planet. New scientific and technological break dones will be needed to reelect solutions. Over the last decade almost $50 billion of presidency funding has been invested into nanotechnologies, and this investment is right away starting to bear fruit with a steady stream of commercially viable nanotechnologies which argon positively impacting human health, the environment and technology. capital is at the forefront of this nanotechnology revolution.1.2 What are Transition Metals?Elements whose atom has an neither d sub-shell, or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell. They are ductile, malleable, and conduct electricity and heat. Their valence electrons are implant in more than unity shell, that is why they have more than one oxidation number.Some of the variation metals that are utilize in nanotechnology are opulent, atomic number 78, straighten out, Cadmium, nickel note, Cobalt.1.3 Transition Metals which are lend oneselfd in NanotechnologyGoldPlatinum plateCobaltIronCadmiumPart 2 Project Over plenty2.1 wherefore Transition Metals can be intaked in nanotechnology?Explanation of round of transition metals which can be used in nanotechnology-2.1.1 GoldGold is widely used to build nanostructures because it is relatively chemically inert, although meretricious clusters can become quite reactive as they get smaller. Indeed, positive gilt ions can react with noble gases, and gold particles just a some nanometres in diameter can act as gass in many reactions, as can single gold atoms bound in desirable complexes.The nobility of gold and its resistance to surface oxidation which needs it ideal hearty for wide range applications in nanotechnology. Gold nanoparticles have a falsify varying from red to purple depending on particle size, a blank space that can be successfully exploited in a range of applications.2.1.2 nickel noteThe reason for working with nickel is that it responds to electrochemis sieve, has good mechanical and corrosion properties and is inexpensive. It is strong and cheap and easily processed in this particular style.2.1.3 IronIron oxide nanoparticles are considered promising because they are maneuverable by foreign magne tic fields, and can be coated with various marker molecules to make them stick selectively to tumors and other targets within the body. The particles can also be made to carry anti- crab louse drugs or radioactive materials directly to a tumor. charismatic nanoparticles designed to attach to crabby personous tissue can also be made to heat up by using a remote, jump magnetic field, thereby selectively killing cancer cells in a process called magnetic hyperthermia.2.2 Use of Transition metals in nanotechnology2.2.1 GoldGold nanoparticles are a popular picking for medical research, diagnostic test and cancer treatment. By using gold nanoparticles it improves the drug delivery dexterity of anticancer drug.It may sound odd, but the dye in your unappeasable jeans or your ballpoint pen has also been paired with gold nanoparticles to force cancer. This dye, known as phthalocyanine, reacts with light. The nanoparticles take the dye directly to cancer cells temporary hookup normal ce lls reject the dye. Once the particles are inside, scientists activate them with light to smash the cancer. Similar therapies have existed to treat skin cancers with light-activated dye, but scientists are now working to use nanoparticles and dye to treat tumors deep in the body.2.2.2 PlatinumThe researches in their latest word incorporated platinum metals into their nanotubes structures. Platinum can add useful catalytic, electronic, luminescent, and magnetic functionalities to the nanotubes.Catalysts are used with burn downs such as hydrogen or methanol to produce hydrogen ions. Platinum, which is very expensive, is the catalyst typically used in this process. Companies are using nanoparticles of platinum to abbreviate the amount of platinum needed, or using nanoparticles of other materials to replace platinum entirely and thereby lower costs.2.2.3 nickelApplications for nickel nanocrystals include numerous catalytic functions such as in the anode of solid oxide fuel cells (S OFC) or in the conductive electrolytic layer of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, in replacement of platinum. Also, substituting all or a slew of the platinum with nickel nano particles in automotive catalytic converters would significantly chasten their cost and in coatings, plastics, nanowire, nanofiber and textiles and in certain alloy and catalyst applications . upgrade research is being done for their potential electrical, dielectric, magnetic, optical, imaging, biomedical and bioscience properties. Nickel Nano Particles are generally immediately acquirable in most volumes.Nickel nanoparticles could even be used in biomedical applications, such as implants that dispense drugs, though the metal would the likes ofly be coated to prevent possible allergic reactions. The metals magnetic properties make it a natural choice for magnetic applications.2.2.4 CobaltThe nanoparticle films of transition metals such as iron, nickel, or carbon monoxide gas may be used to catalys e the ripening of carbon nanotube.The Nickel or Cobalt nanotubes with larger diameters(around 160 nm) show a well-nigh isotropic magnetic moments arranged in a vortex say at zero field.2.2.5 IronHot iron nanoparticles could be used to carve electronic circuits out of graphene sheets. The excellent electronic properties of graphene have prompted scientists to try cutting it into nanoribbons, which might be used in electronic devices of the future. Attempts with lithography, however, have left rough edges to the nanoribbons that could affect their performance.Widely used iron nanoparticles viewing toxic effects on neuronal cells. Iron is an essential wholesome for mammals and most life forms and iron oxide nanoparticles were generally assumed to be dearPart 3 Analysis3.1 Nanotechnology and CancerIn a consume published in the July 2007 issue of Analytical Chemistry, scientists from Purdue University detailed their use of gold nanoparticles to detect breast cancer. Their work, alo ng with similar studies at other universities, has the potential to radically change breast cancer detection.The procedure works by identifying the proteins found on the exteriors of cancer cells. Different types of cancer have diametric proteins on their surfaces that serve as unique markers. Nanorods, gold nanoparticles shaped like rods, use specialized antibodies to latch onto the protein markers for breast cancer, or for another cancer type. After the nanorods bind to proteins in a blood sample, scientists examine how they dot light. Each protein-nanorod combination scatters light in a unique way, allowing for punctilious diagnoses.The use of gold nanoparticles is not new to this study. These tiny particles it would take five hundred of them to span the width of a human hair are oddly suited to detect toxins, pathogens and cancers and are a subject of much experimentation. The scientists at Purdue used nanorods capable of attaching to three types of breast cancer markers, with two of the markers identifying how invasive the cancer is. The lead researcher on the study, Joseph Iru twenty-four hour periodaraji, said that these nanorods could one day form part of a much more thorough test, fecundation to up to 15 unique markers.Using nanorods cuts the price of the diagnosis by two-thirds compared to the similar method of flow cytometry, in which fluorescent markers bind to cancer cells. Flow cytometry requires a bigger sample size with thousands of times more cells than is needed for nanorods, meaning that nanorods are capable of helping to determine originally diagnoses. Nanorods prove much less invasive than some other methods because they use blood samples and dont require a biopsy. Part of the cost savings comes from scientists being able to use a conventional microscope and light source to view the samples, unlike other methods that employ expensive microscopes or lasers.In a different study, Dr. Irudayaraj showed that gold nanorods could be use d to detect cancer al-Qaida cells. The discovery is particularly valuable because cancer stem cells cause the out-of-control growth that makes malignant tumors so deadly.Dr. Irudayaraji said that gold nanoparticles could be widely available for cancer diagnoses sometime in 2011.Besides being part of staring(a) tests that can detect cancers early on, nanoparticles may also form the al-Qaeda of future cancer treatments. Lasers that react with gold nanoparticles could be used to discharge cancer cells. Or, nanoparticles could be used as targeted drug-delivery systems.Part 4 final resultAfter the completion of the term stem on Use of Transition Metals in Nanotechnology I got many new things to learn about. The term penning helped me to know more about nanotechnology and the different transition metals and about its use in nanotechnology. The nanoparticles, how it is useful in treatment of cancer, and its uses in biomedicals and others.The term paper also gives the structures of s ome of the transition metals nanoparticles and about the extensive use of the transition metals in nanotechnology.I have worked very hard on this shake off and wanted to build it in a very simple and guileless manner so that it could be easy for the reader to go through and understand the term paper.Hopefully, I think that you would have gained some acquaintance on transition metals nanoparticles and could have well understood it. I destine a sincere apologize if any mistake would have crept in my work.

Slavery in the Caribbean :: Slavery Essays

Slavery in the CaribbeanCaribbean Slavery gave planters and selected in the Caribbean the right to abuse a human by requiring laughably long hours of work on the fields and not providing enough nutrition. The oblige by Kiple and Kiple reviews the state of malnutrition among the slaves and the findings are atrocious. Slaves were lacking basic nutrients such(prenominal) as calcium, fats, and various vitamins. Kiple and Kiple, regardless of these facts, state that according to 18 and 19th deoxycytidine monophosphate standards, these regimens were not poor. Unfortunately I do not think in making this statement, the authors took into account that the standard person was not a slave. Slaves were subjected to physically rigorous work, which uses a substantial amount of calories, so the standard diet would not be fit for a slave, who needs a multitude more calories and nutrients to remain healthy under the situation of slavery. Furthermore, it was only the African slaves who were able to withstand this lifestyle. Before trade began with African slaves, planters were utilizing Indian slaves from areas such as Venezuela and Nicaragua. It was found though, that the Indian slaves were dying very quickly and slave owners then discovered that African slaves were much more resistant to this gravelly lifestyle, although their life span was far from long also. As is logical and expected, the ontogeny of sugar plantations paralleled the growth of slaves. Interesting to me, is how plantation owners often had to buy the slaves on credit because they did not have enough to buy the slaves. A wear down force could not be created out of island inhabitants, so planters had to turn to what they referred to as cheap labor. Planters also turned to African slaves due to social reasons. Because African slaves were brought from different areas in Africa, they were a very heterogeneous group in terms of language and culture. Therefore, it was more difficult to communicate in prodi gious groups among themselves. Instead, the African slaves had to learn the language of the European country that colonized the island. If the plantation owners were to use Creoles as slaves, who spoke one or two languages at most overall, and were a mainly homogeneous group, would communicate a cope easier and more often, making it more difficult for slave and plantation owners to concord the Creole group. A question of whether Africans were chosen to be imported as slaves is presented in racial terms.